Example Gallery

• General [5]
• Generative Grammar [12]
• Combinatory Categorial Grammar [2]
• Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar [1]
• Cognitive Grammar [4]
• Phonology [2]
• Miscellaneous [4]
• Computer Science [3]
• Pragmatics [1]
• Construction Grammar [5]
• Functional Grammar [6]
• Formal Concept Analysis [1]
• Formal Semantics [1]
• Natural Language Processing [1]

---

General

RSyntaxTree basic example

[S
  [NP |R| **SyntaxTree**]
  [VP
    [V *generates*]
    [NP
      [Adj #\+multilingual\
            \+beautiful]
      [NP ^syntax\
           trees]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	General
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Sans

🔝

Basic binary tree

[A
  [B
    [D]
    [E]
  ]
  [C
    [F]
    [G]
  ]
]

Category	General
Connector	auto
Connector Height	1
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

Basic polyline sample

[A
  [B
    [D [H] [I]]
    [E [J] [K]]
  ]
  [C
    [F [L] [M]]
    [G [N] [O]]
  ]
]

Category	General
Connector	auto
Connector Height	1
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

From phoneme to sentence

[The<>umpires<>talked<>to<>the<>players
  [the<>umpires
    [the+-1
      [<> ði+-1]
    ]
    [umpires
      [umpire ʌ́mpaɪər]
      [s z]
    ]
  ]
  [talked<>to<>the<>players
    [talked
      [talk tɔːk]
      [ed t]
    ]
    [to+-2
      [<> tə+-2]
    ]
    [the+-3
      [<> ðə+-3]
    ]
    [players
      [player pléɪər]
      [s z]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	General
Connector	bar
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	WQY Zen Hei

🔝

Basic tree with triangles

[NP
  [NP a picture]
  [PP
    [P of]
    [NP ^cats]
  ]
]

Category	General
Connector	auto
Connector Height	1
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

---

Generative Grammar

Minimalistic syntree

[CP
  [John]
  [TP
    [T
      [V
        [cause]
        [V fall]
      ]
      [T]
    ]
    [VP
      [V *t*_c_]
      [CP
        [books]
        [*t*_f_]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Chomsky 1995: 50

🔝

Minimalistic syntree

[VP
  [John]
  [V'
    [V *e*]
    [VP
      [NP a book]
      [V'
        [V gave]
        [to\-Bill]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Chomsky 1995: 62

🔝

Minimalistic syntree

[VP_1_
  [NP_1_ John]
  [V'_1_
    [V_1_ *e*]
    [VP_2_
      [NP_2_ the book]
      [V'_2_
        [V_2_ put]
        [ZP on the shelf]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Chomsky 1995: 180

🔝

Minimalistic syntree

[X__max__
  [\[Y\−X\]]
  [YP
    [Spec_1_]
    [Y'
      [*t*]
      [ZP]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Connector	none
Connector Height	1.5
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Chomsky 1995: 355

🔝

Minimalistic syntree

[𝑣P
  [Spec_2_]
  [𝑣'
    [Subj]
    [𝑣'
      [Vb]
      [VP
        [*t*_v_]
        [Obj]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Connector	none
Connector Height	1.5
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Chomsky 1995: 369

🔝

X-bar model (with Japanese labels)

[XP
  [W Specifier\
     指定部]
  [X'
    [X'
      [X Head\
         主要部]
      [Y Complement\
         補部]
    ]
    [Z Modifier\
       付加部]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Connector	bar
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

vP-shell (Japanese)

[𝑣P
  [NP 太郎が]
  [𝑣'
    [VP
      [𝑣P
        [NP ^泥棒に]
        [𝑣'
          [VP ^財布を盗む]
          [𝑣]
        ]
      ]
      [V られ]
    ]
    [𝑣]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

Non-binary tree sample

[S__＊__
  [NP α_1_]
  [INFL (AGR)]
  [VP
    [V]
    [NP α_2_]
    [PP
      [P]
      [NP α_3_]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

[CP
  [C
   ø]
  [TP
    [PRN
    **They**+>2
    ]
    [T'
      [T
       Will
      ]
      [vP
        [PRN
         ~**they**~+2
        ] 
        [v'
          [v
           ø<>\+<>*get*+>1
          ]
          [VP
            [DP
             the<>teacher]
            [V'
              [V
               ~*get*~+1
              ]
              [QP
               a<>present
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]  
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Connector	none
Connector Height	1.5
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Radford 2004

🔝

Tree with text labels in bold

[S
  [NP I]
  [PdP
    [VP
      [V knew]
      [NP **Harvey**]      
    ]
    [Adv
      [when]
      [S
        [NP **Harvey**]
        [PdP was a little boy]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	1
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Langacker 1969: 175

🔝

X-bar model

[XP
  [W Specifier]
  [X'
    [X'
      [X Head]
      [Y Complement]
    ]
    [Z Modifier]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Connector	none
Connector Height	1.5
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

Merge

[γ
  γ
  [α
    [α]
    [β]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Connector	none
Connector Height	1.0
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	none
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

---

Combinatory Categorial Grammar

CCG sample

[S\
 \<
  [NP\
   \>
    [NP/N\
    ---\
     *the*
    ]
    [N\
    ---\
     *dog*
    ]
  ]
  [S\\NP\
    \>
    [(S\\NP)\\NP\
    ---\
     *bit*
    ]
    [NP\
    ---\
     *John*
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Combinatory Categorial Grammar
Connector	none
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

CCG sample

[S\
    \>
  [S/NP\
   B_\>_
    [S/(S\\NP)\
     T_\>_
      [NP\
         \>
        [NP/N\
         ---\
         *the*
        ]
        [N\
         ---\
         *dog*
        ]
      ]
    ]
    [(S\\NP)/NP\
     ---\
     *bit*
    ]    
  ]
  [NP\
   ---\
   *John*
  ]
]

Category	Combinatory Categorial Grammar
Connector	none
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

---

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar

HPSG sample

[#HEAD<>___|1|___\
  ---\
  SPR<>〈<>〉\
  COMPS<>〈<>〉
  [#HEAD<>___|2|___\
    ---\
    *noun*\
    ---\
    SPR<>〈<>〉\
    COMPS〈<>〉
    Kim
  ]
  [#HEAD<>___|1|___\
    ---\
    SPR<>〈<>___|2|___<>〉\
    COMPS<>〈<>〉
    [#HEAD<>___|1|___\
      ---\
      *verb*\
      ---\
      SPR<>〈<>___|2|___<>NP〉\
      COMPS<>〈<>___|3|___<>PP\[*on*\]〉
      relies
    ]
    [#<6>___|3|___\
      ---\
      HEAD<>|___4___|\
      ---\
      SPR<>〈<>〉\
      COMPS<>〈<>〉
      [#HEAD<>|___4___|\
       ---\
      *prep*\
       FORM<>*on*\
       ---\
       SPR<>〈<>〉\
       COMPS<>〈<>|___5___|<>〉
       on
      ]
      [#HEAD<>|___5___|\
       ---\
       *noun*\
       ---\
       SPR<>〈<>〉\
       COMPS<>〈<>〉
       Sandy
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
Connector	bar
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

---

Cognitive Grammar

Cognitive Grammar sample

[##*{👧}**--**|s|*\
  __|G|__<>RELATION\
  ---\
  *that<>girl<>is<>smart*
  [##*{👧}*\
    __|G|__<>THING\
    ---\
    *that<>girl*
    [##*{/}*\
     __|G|__<>THING\
     ----\
     *that*
    ]
    [##*{👧}*\
     THING\
     ----\
     *girl*
    ]
  ]
  [##{/}*--**|s|*\
   __|G|__<>RELATION\
   ---\
   *is<>smart*
    [##{/}*--*|/|\
      __|G|__<>RELATION\
      ---\
      *is*
    ]
    [##{/}--*|s|*\
      RELATION\
      ---\
      *smart*
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Cognitive Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	1
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

Schema network

[##Schema+->0+->1
  [##Prototype+->0+-2]
  [##Extention+->1+->2]
]

Category	Cognitive Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	on
Polyline	off
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	on
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

Action chain

[###John<>opened<>the<>door<>with<>the<>key\
    <>\
    {}->{}->{}->\
    <>\
    AGT<>\><>INST<>\><>PAT
]

Category	Cognitive Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	1
Line Width	3
Hide Default Connectors	on
Polyline	off
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	on
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

Prototypical organization of English nominals

[##Nominal
  [##Grounding\
     Predication+-1]
  [##Quantified\
     Instance+->1
    [##Absolute\
       Quantifier+-2]
    [###Higher\-Order\
        Instantiated\
        Type+->2
      [###Higher\-Order\
          Instantiated\
          Type+->3
        [##Modifier+-4]
        [###Head<>Noun\
            ---\
            Basic\
            Instantiated\
            Type+->4+->5
            [##Basic<>Type<>Specification\
               ---\
               Underived<>Stem\
               Plural<>Stem\
               Derived<>Stem\
               Compound<>Stem+-5
            ]
        ]
      ] 
      [###Modifier+-3]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Cognitive Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2
Line Width	3
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Langacker 1991: 147

🔝

---

Phonology

Phonology sample

[σ
  [Onset
    [s]
    [t]
    [r]
  ]
  [Rhyme
    [Nucleus ɛ]
    [Coda
      [ŋ]
      [k]
    ]
  ]
  [Appendix
    [θ]
    [S]
  ]
]

Category	Phonology
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	on
Font	WQY Zen Hei

🔝

Sound feature geometry

[root\
 \[cons\]\<>\[sonor\]\
 stricture\
 \[later\]\<>\[strid\]\<>\[contin\]
  [cavity\ Oral
    [articulator\ Labial
      terminal\
      features\
      \[round\]
    ]
    [articulator\ Coronal
      terminal\
      features\
      \[anter\]\
      \[distrib\]
    ]
    [articulator\ Dorsal
      terminal\
      features\
      \[back\]\
      \[high\]\
      \[low\]
    ]
  ]
  [cavity\ Nasal
    [articulator\ Soft<>Palate
      terminal\
      features\
      \[nasal\]
    ]
  ]
  [cavity\ Pharyngeal
    [articulator\ Radical
      terminal\
      features\
      \[ATR\]\
      \[RTR\]
    ]
    [articulator\ Glottal
      terminal\
      features\
      \[spread<>gl\]\
      \[constr<>gl\]\
      \[voiced\]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Phonology
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	none
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto sans mono
Reference	Halle 1992

🔝

---

Miscellaneous

Tic-tac-toe

[
  |○|||||\
  |×||×||○|\
  |×||○|||
  [
    |○|*|○|*||\
    |×||×||○|\
    |×||○|||
    [
      |○||○|*|×|*\
      |×||×||○|\
      |×||○|||
    ]
    [
      |○||○|||\
      |×||×||○|\
      |×||○|*|×|*
      [
        |○||○|*|○|*\
        |×||×||○|\
        |×||○||×|
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [
    |○|||*|○|*\
    |×||×||○|\
    |×||○|||
    [
      |○|*|×|*|○|\
      |×||×||○|\
      |×||○|||
      [
        |○||×||○|\
        |×||×||○|\
        |×||○|*|○|*
      ]
    ]
    [
      |○||||○|\
      |×||×||○|\
      |×||○|*|×|*
      [
        |○|*|○|*|○|\
        |×||×||○|\
        |×||○||×|
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [
    |○|||||\
    |×||×||○|\
    |×||○|*|○|*
    [
      |○|*|×|*||\
      |×||×||○|\
      |×||○||○|
      [
        |○||×|*|○|*\
        |×||×||○|\
        |×||○||○|
      ]
    ]
    [
      |○|||*|×|*\
      |×||×||○|\
      |×||○||○|
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Miscellaneous
Connector	bar
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	WQY Zen Hei

🔝

Tournament

[{**D**}
  [{**D**}
    [A [{A}] [B]]
    [{**D**} [C] [{**D**}]]
  ]
  [G
    [F [E] [{F}]]
    [{G} [{G}] [H]]
  ]
]

Category	Miscellaneous
Connector	bar
Connector Height	1
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Sans
Reference

🔝

Cognitive science linkages

[##Philosophy+-1+-2+-3+-4+-5
  [##Psychology+-1+-6+-7+-8+-9+-10
    [<>
      [##Computer<>Science+-2+-6+-7+-11+-12+-13]
    ]
  ]
  [<>
    [<>
      [<>
        [##Neuroscience+-3+-8+-11+-14+-15]
      ]  
    ]
  ]
  [##Linguistics+-4+-9+-12+-14+-16
    [<>
      [##Anthropology+-5+-10+-13+-15+-16]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Miscellaneous
Connector	auto
Connector Height	3
Line Width	3
Hide Default Connectors	on
Polyline	off
Color	none
Radical Symmetirization	on
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Miller et al. 1978

🔝

Escaping square brackets

[expr
  [id x]
  [suffix
    \[
    [id 2 ]
    \]
    [suffix
      \[
      [id 3 ]
      \]
      [suffix
        \[
        [id 4 ]
        \]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]
  

Category	Miscellaneous
Connector	auto
Connector Height	3.0
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	on
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif

🔝

---

Computer Science

Programming language parser

[##\<statement\>
  [##\<while\>
    [##<>w<>]
    [##<>(<>]
    [##\<expression\>
      [##\<less\-than\>
        [##\<multiply\>
          [##\<term\>
            [##<>v<>]
          ]       
        ]
        [##<>\<<>]
        [##\<less\-than\>
          [##\<multiply\>
            [##\<term\>
              [##<>n<>]
            ]            
          ]
        ]        
      ]
    ]
    [##<>)<>]
    [##<>\{<>]
    [##\<statement\>
      [##\<assign\>
        [##<>v<>]
        [##<>\=<>]
        [##\<\expression\>
          [##\<less\-than\>
            [##\<multiply\>
              [##\<term\>
                [##<>v<>]
              ]
              [##<>\*<>]
              [##\<multiply\>
                [##\<term\>
                  [##<>n<>]
                ]
              ]  
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    [##<>\}<>]
  ]
]

Category	Computer Science
Connector	bar
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Sans Mono
Reference	Stuart 2014

🔝

Arithmetic parser

[\<expression\>
  [\<term\>
    [\<term\>
      [\<factor\>
        \(
        [\<expression\>
          [\<expression\>
            [\<term\>
              [\<factor\>
                {A}
              ]
            ]
          ]
          [{＋}]
          [\<term\>
            [\<factor\>
              {B}
            ]
          ]
        ]
        \)
      ]
    ]
    [{＊}]
    [\<factor\>
      \(
      [\<expression\>
        [\<expression\>
          [\<term\>
            [\<factor\>
              {C}
            ]
          ]
        ]
        [{＋}]
        [\<term\>
          [\<factor\>
            {D}
          ]
        ]
      ]
      \)
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Computer Science
Connector	bar
Connector Height	1
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Sans Mono
Reference

🔝

Quick sort

[|20||2||14||9||15||16||11||19||10||**13**|
  [|2||9||12||11||**10**|+->0
    [|2||9|+->2
      [|2|]
      [|9|]
    ] 
    [|10|+-2+-3]
    [|12||11|+->3
      [|12|+->6]
      [|11|+->6]
    ] 
  ]
 [|13|+-0+-1]
 [|20||14||15||19||**16**|+->1
    [|14||15|+->4
      [|14|]
      [|15|]
    ]  
    [|16|+-4+-5]
    [|20||19|+->5
      [|20|+->7]
      [|19|+->7]
    ]  
  ]  
]

Category	Computer Science
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2.0
Line Width	2
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Sans

🔝

---

Pragmatics

Types of meaning

[Types<>of<>meaning
  [conventional
    [semantic
      [entailment]
      [presupposition]
    ]
    [pragmatic
      [conventional\
       implicature]
    ]
  ]
  [non\-conventional
    [explicit
      [explicature]
    ]
    [implicit
      [conventional
        [generalized\
         implicature]
        [particularized\
         implicature]
      ]
      [non\-\
       conventional
        [pragmatic\
         presupposition]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Pragmatics
Connector	bar
Connector Height	1.5
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Zufferey, Moeschler, and Reboul 2014

🔝

---

Construction Grammar

Network of non-prototypical sentence constructions

[#**Non\-prototypical<>sentence**\
  ---\
  NON\-POSITIVE,\
  non\-predicate<>focus,\
  non\-assertive,\
  dependent,\
  non\-declarative
  [#**Y/N<>questions**\
    ---\
    NON\-POSITIVE,\
    non\-declarative\
    ---\
    *Did<>she<>go?*
    [#**Wh\-Questions**\
      ---\
      non\-declarative\
      ---\
      *Where<>did<>she<>go?*
    ]
    [#**Exclamatives**\
      ---\
      non\-assertive\
      ---\
      *Boy<>did<>she<>go!*
    ]
  ]
  [#**Counterfactual<>conditionals**\
    ---\
    NON\-POSITIVE\
    dependent,<>non\-asserted\
    ---\
    *Had<>he<>found<>a<>solution,<>he*\
    *would<>take<>time<>off<>and<>relax.*
  ]
  [#**Initial<>negative**\
    **adverb<>clauses**\
    ---\
    NON\-POSITIVE\
    ---\
    *Not<>until<>yesterday<>did*\
    *he<>take<>a<>break.*\
  ]
  [#**Negative<>rejoinder**\
    ---\
    NON\-POSITIVE,\
    dependent\
    ---\
    *Neither<>is<>this<>construction*\
    *unexpected.*
    [#**Positive<>conjunct<>clauses**\
      ---\
      non\-predicate<>focus,\
      dependent\
      ---\
      *So<>was<>I.*
    ]
  ]
  [#**Comparatives**\
    ---\
    non\-topic\-comment,\
    dependent\
    ---\
    *He<>was<>faster<>at<>it*\
    *than<>was<>she.*
  ]
  [#**Wishes,<>curses**\
    ---\
    NON\-POSITIVE,\
    non\-declarative\
    ---\
    *May<>a<>million<>flies*\
    *infest<>his<>armpits!*
  ]
]

Category	Construction Grammar
Connector	bar
Connector Height	3
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
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Reference	Goldberg 2006: 177

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Construction network

[##Subject\-Predicate<>Construction
  [##Intransitive+-1
    [<>
      [<>
          [##Intransitive<>Motion\
           ---\
           *The<>boy<>ran<>home.*+-1+-2]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [##Transitive
   [##Caused\-Motion\
    ---\
    *Pat<>sneezed<>the<>napkin<>off<>the<>table.*+-2]
    [##Ditransitive\
     ---\
     *Pat<>threw<>Chris<>the<>ball.*
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Construction Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	3
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Goldberg 1995: 109

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Taxonomic Hierarchy of clauses

[##Clause
  [##Sbj<>IntrVerb
    [##Sbj<>*sleep*]
    [##Sbj<>*run*]
  ]
  [##Sbj<>TrVerb<>Obj
    [##Sbj<>*kick*<>Obj
      [##Sbj<>*kick<>the<>bucket*]
      [##Sbj<>*kick<>the<>habit*]
    ]
    [##Sbj<>*kiss*<>Obj]
  ]
]

Category	Construction Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2.5
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Croft and Cruse 2004: 264

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Construction network

[##Caused\-Motion\
 ---\
 *Pat<>sneezed<>the<>napkin<>off<>the<>table*+-2+-4+-5
  [##Resultative\
   ---\
   *She<>kissed<>him<>unconsicous*+-1+-4
    [<>
      [##Intransitive<>Resultative\
      ---\
      *The<>jello<>went<>from<>liquid<>to<>solid*+-1+-3]
    ]
  ]
  [<>
    [##Intransitive<>Motion\
    ---\
    *The<>boy<>ran<>home*+-2+-3]
  ]
  [##Transfer\
  ---\
  *Sally<>threw<>a<>football<>to<>him*+-5]
]

Category	Construction Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height
Line Width	2
Hide Default Connectors	on
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	on
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Reference	Goldberg 1995: 109

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Major clause constructions of English

[ Major<>clause<>construction
  [Declarative<>clause<>cxn\
   ---\
   *He<>was<>tired.*\
   *He<>made<>mistakes.*
  ]
  [Interrogative<>cxn\
   [Yes/No interrogative<>cxn\
    ---\
    *Was<>he<>tired?*\
    *Did<>he<>make<>mistakes?*
   ]
   [WH\-interrogative<>cxn
    [WH\-subject<>interrogative<>cxn\
     ---\
     *Who<>was<>tired?*
    ]
    [WH\-nonsubject<>interrogative<>cxn\
     ---\
     *What<>was<>he?*\
     *What<>did<>he<>make?*
    ]
   ]
  ]
  [WH\-exclamative<>cxn\
   ---\
   *How<>tired<>he<>was!*\
   *What<>mistakes<>he<>made!*
  ]
  Imperative<>cxn
  [Relative<>clause<>cxn\
   [WH\-subject<>relative<>clause<>cxn\
    ---\
    The<>emails,<>which<>arrived<>overnight<>...
   ]
   [WH\-nonsubject<>relative<>clause<>cxn\
    ---\
    A<>pilot<>shouldn't<>be<>tired,<>which<>Ben<>was.\
    The<>mistalkes<>that<>he<>made<>...
   ]
  ]
]

Category	Construction Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	3.0
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
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Reference	Hoffmann 2022: 220

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---

Functional Grammar

Types of reference

[Reference:
  [\[situational\]\
     exophora
  ]
  [\[textual\]\
     endophora
    [\[to<>preceding<>text\]\
     anaphora
    ]
    [\[to<>following<>text\]\
     cataphora
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Connector	bar
Connector Height	1.5
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
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Reference	Halliday and Hasan 1976: 33

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Types of rejoinder

[REJOINDER\
 (any<>cohesive<>sequel<>by<>different<>speaker)
  [(following<>a<>question)\
    RESPONSE
    [(answering)\
     DIRECT\
     RESPONSE
    ]
    [(not<>answering)\
     INDIRECT<>RESPONSE
      [(attitude<>to<>answer)\
       COMMENTARY
      ]
      [(evading<>answer)\
       DISCLAIMER
      ]
      [(implying<>answer)\
       SUPPLEMENTARY\
       RESPONSE
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [(not<>following<>a<>question)\
   \[other<>rejoinders\]
    [(following<>a<>statement)
      [ASSENT]
      [CONTRADICTION]
    ]
    [(following<>a\
     statement<>or\
     command)\
     QUESTION\
     REJOINDER
    ]
    [(following<>\
     a<>command)
      [CONSENT]
      [REFUSAL]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Connector	bar
Connector Height	3
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
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Reference	Halliday and Hasan 1976: 207

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Conjunctive adjuncts [elaboration]

[conjunctive<>adjuncts
  [elaboration
    [apposition
      [expository
        in<>other<>words\
        that<>is<>(to<>say)\
        I<>mean<>(to<>say)\
        to<>put<>it<>another<>way
      ]
      [exemplifying
        for<>example\
        for<>insntance\
        thus\
        to<>illustrate
      ]
    ]
    [clarification
      [corrective
        or<>rather\
        at<>least\
        to<>be<>more<>precise
      ]
      [distractive
        by<>the<>way\
        incidentally
      ]
      [dismissive
        in<>any<>case\
        anyway\
        leaving<>that<>aside
      ]
      [particularizing
        in<>particular\
        more<>especially
      ]
      [resumptive
        as<>I<>wasy<>saying\
        to<>resume\
        to<>get<>back<>to<>the<>point
      ]
      [summative
        in<>short\
        to<>sum<>up\
        in<>conclusion\
        briefly
      ]
      [verifactive
        actually\
        as<>a<>matter<>of<>fact\
        in<>fact\
        indeed
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	1.5
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Halliday (2014: 612-614)

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Conjunctive adjuncts [extension]

[conjunctive<>adjuncts
  [extension
    [addition
      [positive
        and\
        also\
        moreover\
        in<>addition
      ]
      [negative
        nor
      ]
      [adversative
        but\
        yet\
        on<>the<>other<>hand\
        however
      ]
    ]
    [variation
      [replacive
        on<>the<>contrary\
        instead
      ]
      [subtractive
        alternatively
      ]
      [alternative
        alternatively
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	1.5
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Halliday (2014: 612-614)

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Conjunctive adjuncts [enhancement (1)]

[conjunctive<>adjuncts
  [enhancement<>(1)
    [temporal
      [simple
        [following
          then\
          next\
          afterwords\
          first<>...<>then
        ]
        [simultaneous
          just<>then\
          at<>the<>same<>time
        ]
        [preceding
          before<>that\
          hitherto\
          previously
        ]
        [conclusive
          in<>the<>end\
          finally
        ]
      ]
      [complex
        [immediate
          at<>once\
          thereupon\
          straightaway
        ]
        [interrupted
          soon\
          after<>a<>while
        ]
        [repetitive
          next<>time\
          on<>another<>occasion
        ]
        [specific
          next<>day\
          an<>hour<>later\
          that<>morning
        ]
        [durative
          meanwhile\
          all<>that<>time
        ]
        [terminal
          until<>then\
          up<>to<>that<>point
        ]
        [punctiliar
          at<>this<>point
        ]
      ]
      [simple<>internal
        [following
          next\
          secondly\
          my<>next<>pooint<>is\
          first<>...<>next
        ]
        [simultaneous
          at<>this<>point\
          here\
          now
        ]
        [preceding
          hitherto\
          up<>to<>now
        ]
        [conclusive
          lastly\
          last<>of<>all\
          finally
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	1.5
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Halliday 2014: 612-614

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Conjunctive adjuncts [enhancement (2)]

[conjunctive<>adjuncts
  [enhancement<>(2)
    [manner
      [comparison
        [positive
          likewise\
          similarly
        ]
        [negative
          in<>a<>different<>way
        ]
      ]
      [means
        thus\
        thereby\
        by<>such<>means
      ]
    ]
    [causal\-conditional
      [general
        so\
        then\
        therefore\
        consequently\
        hense\
        because<>of<>that\
        for
      ]
      [specific
        [result
          in<>consequence\
          as<>a<>result
        ]
        [reason
          on<>account<>of<>this\
          for<>that<>reason
        ]
        [purpose
          for<>that<>purpose\
          with<>this<>in<>view
        ]
        [conditional:\
         positive
          then\
          in<>that<>case\
          in<>that<>event\
          under<>the<>circumstances
        ]
        [conditional:\
         negative
          otherwise\
          if<>not
        ]
        [concessive
          yet\
          still\
          though\
          despite<>this\
          however\
          even<>so\
          all<>the<>same\
          nevertheless
        ]
      ]
    ]
    [matter
      [positive
        here\
        there\
        as<>to<>that\
        in<>that<>respect
      ]
      [negative
        in<>other<>respects\
        elsewhere
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Connector	auto
Connector Height	1.5
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	on
Color	modern
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Serif
Reference	Halliday 2014: 612-614

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---

Formal Concept Analysis

Animal ontology

[##Human,<>Bonobo,<>Lion,<>Eagle,<>Sparrow,<>Ostrich\
 ---\
 <>
  [##Human\
   ---\
   talking,<>ape,<>mammal
     [##Bonobo\
      ---\
      ape,<>mammal+-1]
  ]
  [##Lion\
   ---\
   mammal,<>preying+-4+-6
     [<>\ <>\ <>
       [##<>\
        ---\
        mammal+-1+-2+-4
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [##Eagle\
   ---\
   preying,<>flying,<>bird
     [##<>\
      ---\
      preying+-5+-6
      [<>\ <>\ <>
        [##<>\
         ---\
         talking,<>ape,<>mammal,<>preying,<>flying,<>bird+-2+-3+-5
        ]
      ]
    ]
    [##Sparrow\
     ---\
     flying,<>bird
      [##Ostrich\
       ---\
       bird<>+-3
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Formal Concept Analysis
Connector	auto
Connector Height	3
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Hide Default Connectors	off
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---

Formal Semantics

Lambda calculus

[chase(mouse)(cat)
  [<>λx.λy.chase(mouse)(y)<>
    [<>λxλy.chase(x)(y)<>]
    [<>mouse<>]
  ]
  [<>cat<>]
]

Category	Formal Semantics
Connector	auto
Connector Height	1.5
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	off
Polyline	off
Color	off
Radical Symmetirization	off
Font	Noto Sans Mono

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---

Natural Language Processing

Relations between WordNet senses

[##hypernym+-<1
  [##meronym+-<2
    [meronymy/part\-whole+-2+-3+-<4
      [##holonym+-<3]
    ]
  ]
  [superordinate+-1+-<7
    [###word+-4+-<6+-7+-8
      [subordinate+-5+-<8
        [##hyponym+-<5]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [<>
    [##synonym+-<6]
  ]
]

Category	Natural Language Processing
Connector	auto
Connector Height	2
Line Width	1
Hide Default Connectors	on
Polyline	off
Color	none
Radical Symmetirization	on
Font	Noto Sans Mono
Reference	Jurafsky and Martin 2018

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