Example Gallery

General [8]
Generative Grammar [15]
Cognitive Grammar [4]
Combinatory Categorial Grammar [3]
Construction Grammar [6]
Formal Grammar [1]
Functional Grammar [9]
Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar [2]
Lexical-Functional Grammar [2]
Formal Semantics [3]
Historical Linguistics [1]
Morphology [1]
Multilingual [9]
Phonology [2]
Pragmatics [2]
Computer Science [3]
Formal Concept Analysis [1]
Natural Language Processing [1]
Miscellaneous [8]

General

RSyntaxTree basic example

[S
  [NP |R| **SyntaxTree**]
  [VP
    [V *generates*]
    [NP
      [Adj #\+multilingual\
            \+beautiful]
      [NP ^syntax\
           trees]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	General
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Basic binary tree

[A
  [B
    [D]
    [E]
  ]
  [C
    [F]
    [G]
  ]
]

Category	General
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Basic polyline sample

[A
  [B
    [D [H] [I]]
    [E [J] [K]]
  ]
  [C
    [F [L] [M]]
    [G [N] [O]]
  ]
]

Category	General
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

From phoneme to sentence

[The<>umpires<>talked<>to<>the<>players
  [the<>umpires
    [the
      [<> ði]
    ]
    [umpires
      [umpire ʌ́mpaɪər]
      [s z]
    ]
  ]
  [talked<>to<>the<>players
    [talked
      [talk tɔːk]
      [ed t]
    ]
    [to
      [<> tə]
    ]
    [the
      [<> ðə]
    ]
    [players
      [player pléɪər]
      [s z]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	General
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Basic tree with triangles

[NP
  [NP a picture]
  [PP
    [P of]
    [NP ^cats]
  ]
]

Category	General
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Terminals levelled with pass-through joints

[S
  [NP [D [<> [<> the]]] [N [<> [<> cat]]]]
  [VP
    [V [<> [<> sat]]]
    [PP [P [<> on]] [NP [D the] [N mat]]]]]

Category	General
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

Terminals levelled with pass-through joints

🔝

A tree on a tilted plane, with a movement path

[CP
  [NP what+>1]
  [C'
    [C did]
    [TP
      [NP
        [D the]
        [N man]
      ]
      [VP
        [V'
          [V put]
          [NP *t*+1]
        ]
        [PP
          [P on]
          [NP
            [D the]
            [N table]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	General
Tidy layout	off
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	20
Shear plane	on
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

A tree on a tilted plane, with a movement path

🔝

Feature structures on a tilted plane

[#(*phrase*\
---\
SYN\t#(HEAD\t|1|#)#)
  [#(*word*\
  ---\
  SYN\t#(HEAD\t#(*noun*\
  ---\
  AGR\t|2|#(NUM\t*pl*#)#)#)#) [dogs]]
  [#(*word*\
  ---\
  SYN\t#(HEAD\t|1|#(*verb*\
  ---\
  AGR\t|2|#)#)#) [bark]]]

Category	General
Tidy layout	off
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	20
Shear plane	on
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	nothing
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Generative Grammar

Minimalistic syntree

[CP
  [John]
  [TP
    [T
      [V
        [cause]
        [V fall]
      ]
      [T]
    ]
    [VP
      [V *t*_c_]
      [CP
        [books]
        [*t*_f_]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	medium
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Chomsky 1995: 50

🔝

Minimalistic syntree

[VP
  [John]
  [V'
    [V *e*]
    [VP
      [NP a book]
      [V'
        [V gave]
        [to\-Bill]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Chomsky 1995: 62

🔝

Minimalistic syntree

[VP_1_
  [NP_1_ John]
  [V'_1_
    [V_1_ *e*]
    [VP_2_
      [NP_2_ the book]
      [V'_2_
        [V_2_ put]
        [ZP on the shelf]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Chomsky 1995: 180

🔝

Minimalistic syntree

[X__max__
  [\[Y\−X\]]
  [YP
    [Spec_1_]
    [Y'
      [*t*]
      [ZP]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	nothing
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Chomsky 1995: 355

🔝

Minimalistic syntree

[𝑣P
  [Spec_2_]
  [𝑣'
    [Subj]
    [𝑣'
      [Vb]
      [VP
        [*t*_v_]
        [Obj]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	nothing
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Chomsky 1995: 369

🔝

X-bar model (with Japanese labels)

[XP
  [W Specifier\
     指定部]
  [X'
    [X'
      [X Head\
         主要部]
      [Y Complement\
         補部]
    ]
    [Z Modifier\
       付加部]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

vP-shell (Japanese)

[𝑣P
  [NP 太郎が]
  [𝑣'
    [VP
      [𝑣P
        [NP ^泥棒に]
        [𝑣'
          [VP ^財布を盗む]
          [𝑣]
        ]
      ]
      [V られ]
    ]
    [𝑣]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	medium
H spacing	1.5
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Non-binary tree sample

[S__＊__
  [NP α_1_]
  [INFL (AGR)]
  [VP
    [V]
    [NP α_2_]
    [PP
      [P]
      [NP α_3_]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

vP-shell with movement paths

[CP
  [C
   ø]
  [TP
    [PRN
    **They**+>2
    ]
    [T'
      [T
       Will
      ]
      [vP
        [PRN
         ~**they**~+2
        ] 
        [v'
          [v
           ø<>\+<>*get*+>1
          ]
          [VP
            [DP
             the<>teacher]
            [V'
              [V
               ~*get*~+1
              ]
              [QP
               a<>present
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]  
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	nothing
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Radford 2004

🔝

Tree with text labels in bold

[S
  [NP I]
  [PdP
    [VP
      [V knew]
      [NP **Harvey**]      
    ]
    [Adv
      [when]
      [S
        [NP **Harvey**]
        [PdP was a little boy]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Langacker 1969: 175

🔝

X-bar model

[XP
  [W Specifier]
  [X'
    [X'
      [X Head]
      [Y Complement]
    ]
    [Z Modifier]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	high
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	nothing
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Merge

[γ
  γ
  [α
    [α]
    [β]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	nothing
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

vP-shell with movement paths (left-to-right)

[CP
  [C
   ø]
  [TP
    [PRN
    **They**+>2
    ]
    [T'
      [T
       Will
      ]
      [vP
        [PRN
         ~**they**~+2
        ] 
        [v'
          [v
           ø<>\+<>*get*+>1
          ]
          [VP
            [DP
             the<>teacher]
            [V'
              [V
               ~*get*~+1
              ]
              [QP
               a<>present
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]  
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ltr
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	nothing
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Radford 2004

vP-shell with movement paths (left-to-right)

🔝

Region shade for a c-command domain

[TP
  [DP everyone]
  [%@lightblue:T'
    [T will]
    [VP
      [V praise]
      [DP his_i_ friend]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Nested region shades (overlapping domains)

[%S
  [DP everyone]
  [%VP
    [V loves]
    [%NP Mary]
  ]
]

Category	Generative Grammar
Tidy layout	off
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

Nested region shades (overlapping domains)

🔝

Cognitive Grammar

Cognitive Grammar sample

[##*{👧}**--**|s|*\
  __|G|__<>RELATION\
  ---\
  *that<>girl<>is<>smart*
  [##*{👧}*\
    __|G|__<>THING\
    ---\
    *that<>girl*
    [##*{/}*\
     __|G|__<>THING\
     ----\
     *that*
    ]
    [##*{👧}*\
     THING\
     ----\
     *girl*
    ]
  ]
  [##{/}*--**|s|*\
   __|G|__<>RELATION\
   ---\
   *is<>smart*
    [##{/}*--*|/|\
      __|G|__<>RELATION\
      ---\
      *is*
    ]
    [##{/}--*|s|*\
      RELATION\
      ---\
      *smart*
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Cognitive Grammar
Tidy layout	off
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Schema network

[##Schema+->0+->1
  [##Prototype+->0+-2]
  [##Extention+->1+->2]
]

Category	Cognitive Grammar
Tidy layout	symmetric
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	on
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Action chain

[###John<>opened<>the<>door<>with<>the<>key\
    <>\
    {}->{}->{}->\
    <>\
    AGT<>\><>INST<>\><>PAT
]

Category	Cognitive Grammar
Tidy layout	symmetric
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	on
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Prototypical organization of English nominals

[##Nominal
  [##Grounding\
     Predication+-1]
  [##Quantified\
     Instance+->1
    [##Absolute\
       Quantifier+-2]
    [###Higher\-Order\
        Instantiated\
        Type+->2
      [###Higher\-Order\
          Instantiated\
          Type+->3
        [##Modifier+-4]
        [###Head<>Noun\
            ---\
            Basic\
            Instantiated\
            Type+->4+->5
            [##Basic<>Type<>Specification\
               ---\
               Underived<>Stem\
               Plural<>Stem\
               Derived<>Stem\
               Compound<>Stem+-5
            ]
        ]
      ] 
      [###Modifier+-3]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Cognitive Grammar
Tidy layout	off
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Langacker 1991: 147

Prototypical organization of English nominals

🔝

Combinatory Categorial Grammar

CCG derivation: forward and backward application

[S\t<
  [NP\t>
    [NP/N the]
    [N dog]]
  [S\\NP\t>
    [(S\\NP)/NP bit]
    [NP John]]]

Category	Combinatory Categorial Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	2.0
V spacing	0.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	btt
Derivation	on
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	nothing
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Steedman 2000

CCG derivation: forward and backward application

🔝

CCG derivation: a relative clause

[NP\t>
  [NP/N the]
  [N\t<
    [N man]
    [N\\N\t>
      [(N\\N)/(S/NP) that]
      [S/NP\t>B
        [S/(S\\NP)\t>T
          [NP Mary]]
        [(S\\NP)/NP saw]]]]]

Category	Combinatory Categorial Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	2.0
V spacing	0.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	btt
Derivation	on
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	nothing
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Steedman 2000

🔝

CCG derivation: right node raising

[S\t>
  [S/NP\t<Φ>
    [S/NP\t>B
      [S/(S\\NP)\t>T
        [NP Mary]]
      [(S\\NP)/NP likes]]
    [conj and]
    [S/NP\t>B
      [S/(S\\NP)\t>T
        [NP Bill]]
      [(S\\NP)/NP hates]]]
  [NP London]]

Category	Combinatory Categorial Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	2.0
V spacing	0.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	btt
Derivation	on
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	nothing
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Steedman 2000

🔝

Construction Grammar

Network of non-prototypical sentence constructions

[#**Non\-prototypical<>sentence**\
  ---\
  NON\-POSITIVE,\
  non\-predicate<>focus,\
  non\-assertive,\
  dependent,\
  non\-declarative
  [#**Y/N<>questions**\
    ---\
    NON\-POSITIVE,\
    non\-declarative\
    ---\
    *Did<>she<>go?*
    [#**Wh\-Questions**\
      ---\
      non\-declarative\
      ---\
      *Where<>did<>she<>go?*
    ]
    [#**Exclamatives**\
      ---\
      non\-assertive\
      ---\
      *Boy<>did<>she<>go!*
    ]
  ]
  [#**Counterfactual<>conditionals**\
    ---\
    NON\-POSITIVE\
    dependent,<>non\-asserted\
    ---\
    *Had<>he<>found<>a<>solution,<>he*\
    *would<>take<>time<>off<>and<>relax.*
  ]
  [#**Initial<>negative**\
    **adverb<>clauses**\
    ---\
    NON\-POSITIVE\
    ---\
    *Not<>until<>yesterday<>did*\
    *he<>take<>a<>break.*\
  ]
  [#**Negative<>rejoinder**\
    ---\
    NON\-POSITIVE,\
    dependent\
    ---\
    *Neither<>is<>this<>construction*\
    *unexpected.*
    [#**Positive<>conjunct<>clauses**\
      ---\
      non\-predicate<>focus,\
      dependent\
      ---\
      *So<>was<>I.*
    ]
  ]
  [#**Comparatives**\
    ---\
    non\-topic\-comment,\
    dependent\
    ---\
    *He<>was<>faster<>at<>it*\
    *than<>was<>she.*
  ]
  [#**Wishes,<>curses**\
    ---\
    NON\-POSITIVE,\
    non\-declarative\
    ---\
    *May<>a<>million<>flies*\
    *infest<>his<>armpits!*
  ]
]

Category	Construction Grammar
Tidy layout	off
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	3.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Goldberg 2006: 177

Network of non-prototypical sentence constructions

🔝

Construction network

[##Subject\-Predicate<>Construction
  [##Intransitive+-1
    [<>
      [<>
          [##Intransitive<>Motion\
           ---\
           *The<>boy<>ran<>home.*+-1+-2]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [##Transitive
   [##Caused\-Motion\
    ---\
    *Pat<>sneezed<>the<>napkin<>off<>the<>table.*+-2]
    [##Ditransitive\
     ---\
     *Pat<>threw<>Chris<>the<>ball.*
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Construction Grammar
Tidy layout	off
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	3.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Goldberg 1995: 109

🔝

Taxonomic Hierarchy of clauses

[##Clause
  [##Sbj<>IntrVerb
    [##Sbj<>*sleep*]
    [##Sbj<>*run*]
  ]
  [##Sbj<>TrVerb<>Obj
    [##Sbj<>*kick*<>Obj
      [##Sbj<>*kick<>the<>bucket*]
      [##Sbj<>*kick<>the<>habit*]
    ]
    [##Sbj<>*kiss*<>Obj]
  ]
]

Category	Construction Grammar
Tidy layout	off
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Croft and Cruse 2004: 264

🔝

Construction network

[##Caused\-Motion\
 ---\
 *Pat<>sneezed<>the<>napkin<>off<>the<>table*+-2+-4+-5
  [##Resultative\
   ---\
   *She<>kissed<>him<>unconsicous*+-1+-4
    [<>
      [##Intransitive<>Resultative\
      ---\
      *The<>jello<>went<>from<>liquid<>to<>solid*+-1+-3]
    ]
  ]
  [<>
    [##Intransitive<>Motion\
    ---\
    *The<>boy<>ran<>home*+-2+-3]
  ]
  [##Transfer\
  ---\
  *Sally<>threw<>a<>football<>to<>him*+-5]
]

Category	Construction Grammar
Tidy layout	symmetric
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	3.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	on
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Goldberg 1995: 109

🔝

Major clause constructions of English

[ Major<>clause<>construction
  [Declarative<>clause<>cxn\
   ---\
   *He<>was<>tired.*\
   *He<>made<>mistakes.*
  ]
  [Interrogative<>cxn\
   [Yes/No interrogative<>cxn\
    ---\
    *Was<>he<>tired?*\
    *Did<>he<>make<>mistakes?*
   ]
   [WH\-interrogative<>cxn
    [WH\-subject<>interrogative<>cxn\
     ---\
     *Who<>was<>tired?*
    ]
    [WH\-nonsubject<>interrogative<>cxn\
     ---\
     *What<>was<>he?*\
     *What<>did<>he<>make?*
    ]
   ]
  ]
  [WH\-exclamative<>cxn\
   ---\
   *How<>tired<>he<>was!*\
   *What<>mistakes<>he<>made!*
  ]
  Imperative<>cxn
  [Relative<>clause<>cxn\
   [WH\-subject<>relative<>clause<>cxn\
    ---\
    The<>emails,<>which<>arrived<>overnight<>...
   ]
   [WH\-nonsubject<>relative<>clause<>cxn\
    ---\
    A<>pilot<>shouldn't<>be<>tired,<>which<>Ben<>was.\
    The<>mistalkes<>that<>he<>made<>...
   ]
  ]
]

Category	Construction Grammar
Tidy layout	off
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	3.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Hoffmann 2022: 220

🔝

Major clause constructions of English (left-to-right)

[Major<>clause<>construction
  [Declarative<>clause<>cxn
    [*He<>was<>tired.*\
     *He<>made<>mistakes.*]
  ]
  [Interrogative<>cxn
    [Yes/No
      [interrogative<>cxn
        [*Was<>he<>tired?*\
         *Did<>he<>make<>mistakes?*]
      ]
    ]
    [WH\-interrogative<>cxn
      [WH\-subject<>interrogative<>cxn
        [*Who<>was<>tired?*]
      ]
      [WH\-nonsubject<>interrogative<>cxn
        [*What<>was<>he?*\
         *What<>did<>he<>make?*]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [WH\-exclamative<>cxn
    [*How<>tired<>he<>was!*\
     *What<>mistakes<>he<>made!*]
  ]
  [Imperative<>cxn]
  [Relative<>clause<>cxn
    [WH\-subject<>relative<>clause<>cxn
      [*The<>emails,<>which<>arrived<>overnight<>...*]
    ]
    [WH\-nonsubject<>relative<>clause<>cxn
      [*A<>pilot<>shouldn't<>be<>tired,<>which<>Ben<>was.*\
       *The<>mistakes<>that<>he<>made<>...*]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Construction Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ltr
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Hoffmann 2022: 220

Major clause constructions of English (left-to-right)

🔝

Formal Grammar

Typed feature structures with structure sharing

[#(*phrase*\
---\
SYN\t#(HEAD\t|1|\
VAL\t#(SPR\t⟨<>⟩#)#)#)
  [#(*phrase*\
  ---\
  SYN\t#(HEAD\t#(*noun*\
  ---\
  AGR\t|2|#(*3sing*\
  ---\
  PER\t3\
  NUM\t*sg*#)#)\
  VAL\t#(SPR\t⟨<>⟩#)#)#) [the<>dog]]
  [#(*word*\
  ---\
  SYN\t#(HEAD\t|1|#(*verb*\
  ---\
  AGR\t|2|#)\
  VAL\t#(SPR\t⟨<>*NP*<>⟩#)#)#) [barks]]]

Category	Formal Grammar
Tidy layout	off
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	nothing
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

Typed feature structures with structure sharing

🔝

Functional Grammar

Types of reference

[Reference:
  [\[situational\]\
     exophora
  ]
  [\[textual\]\
     endophora
    [\[to<>preceding<>text\]\
     anaphora
    ]
    [\[to<>following<>text\]\
     cataphora
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Tidy layout	high
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Halliday and Hasan 1976: 33

🔝

Types of rejoinder

[REJOINDER\
 (any<>cohesive<>sequel<>by<>different<>speaker)
  [(following<>a<>question)\
    RESPONSE
    [(answering)\
     DIRECT\
     RESPONSE
    ]
    [(not<>answering)\
     INDIRECT<>RESPONSE
      [(attitude<>to<>answer)\
       COMMENTARY
      ]
      [(evading<>answer)\
       DISCLAIMER
      ]
      [(implying<>answer)\
       SUPPLEMENTARY\
       RESPONSE
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [(not<>following<>a<>question)\
   \[other<>rejoinders\]
    [(following<>a<>statement)
      [ASSENT]
      [CONTRADICTION]
    ]
    [(following<>a\
     statement<>or\
     command)\
     QUESTION\
     REJOINDER
    ]
    [(following<>\
     a<>command)
      [CONSENT]
      [REFUSAL]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	3.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Halliday and Hasan 1976: 207

🔝

Conjunctive adjuncts [elaboration]

[conjunctive<>adjuncts
  [elaboration
    [apposition
      [expository
        in<>other<>words\
        that<>is<>(to<>say)\
        I<>mean<>(to<>say)\
        to<>put<>it<>another<>way
      ]
      [exemplifying
        for<>example\
        for<>insntance\
        thus\
        to<>illustrate
      ]
    ]
    [clarification
      [corrective
        or<>rather\
        at<>least\
        to<>be<>more<>precise
      ]
      [distractive
        by<>the<>way\
        incidentally
      ]
      [dismissive
        in<>any<>case\
        anyway\
        leaving<>that<>aside
      ]
      [particularizing
        in<>particular\
        more<>especially
      ]
      [resumptive
        as<>I<>wasy<>saying\
        to<>resume\
        to<>get<>back<>to<>the<>point
      ]
      [summative
        in<>short\
        to<>sum<>up\
        in<>conclusion\
        briefly
      ]
      [verifactive
        actually\
        as<>a<>matter<>of<>fact\
        in<>fact\
        indeed
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Halliday 2014: 612-614

🔝

Conjunctive adjuncts [extension]

[conjunctive<>adjuncts
  [extension
    [addition
      [positive
        and\
        also\
        moreover\
        in<>addition
      ]
      [negative
        nor
      ]
      [adversative
        but\
        yet\
        on<>the<>other<>hand\
        however
      ]
    ]
    [variation
      [replacive
        on<>the<>contrary\
        instead
      ]
      [subtractive
        alternatively
      ]
      [alternative
        alternatively
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Halliday 2014: 612-614

🔝

Conjunctive adjuncts [enhancement (1)]

[conjunctive<>adjuncts
  [enhancement<>(1)
    [temporal
      [simple
        [following
          then\
          next\
          afterwords\
          first<>...<>then
        ]
        [simultaneous
          just<>then\
          at<>the<>same<>time
        ]
        [preceding
          before<>that\
          hitherto\
          previously
        ]
        [conclusive
          in<>the<>end\
          finally
        ]
      ]
      [complex
        [immediate
          at<>once\
          thereupon\
          straightaway
        ]
        [interrupted
          soon\
          after<>a<>while
        ]
        [repetitive
          next<>time\
          on<>another<>occasion
        ]
        [specific
          next<>day\
          an<>hour<>later\
          that<>morning
        ]
        [durative
          meanwhile\
          all<>that<>time
        ]
        [terminal
          until<>then\
          up<>to<>that<>point
        ]
        [punctiliar
          at<>this<>point
        ]
      ]
      [simple<>internal
        [following
          next\
          secondly\
          my<>next<>pooint<>is\
          first<>...<>next
        ]
        [simultaneous
          at<>this<>point\
          here\
          now
        ]
        [preceding
          hitherto\
          up<>to<>now
        ]
        [conclusive
          lastly\
          last<>of<>all\
          finally
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Halliday 2014: 612-614

🔝

Conjunctive adjuncts [enhancement (2)]

[conjunctive<>adjuncts
  [enhancement<>(2)
    [manner
      [comparison
        [positive
          likewise\
          similarly
        ]
        [negative
          in<>a<>different<>way
        ]
      ]
      [means
        thus\
        thereby\
        by<>such<>means
      ]
    ]
    [causal\-conditional
      [general
        so\
        then\
        therefore\
        consequently\
        hense\
        because<>of<>that\
        for
      ]
      [specific
        [result
          in<>consequence\
          as<>a<>result
        ]
        [reason
          on<>account<>of<>this\
          for<>that<>reason
        ]
        [purpose
          for<>that<>purpose\
          with<>this<>in<>view
        ]
        [conditional:\
         positive
          then\
          in<>that<>case\
          in<>that<>event\
          under<>the<>circumstances
        ]
        [conditional:\
         negative
          otherwise\
          if<>not
        ]
        [concessive
          yet\
          still\
          though\
          despite<>this\
          however\
          even<>so\
          all<>the<>same\
          nevertheless
        ]
      ]
    ]
    [matter
      [positive
        here\
        there\
        as<>to<>that\
        in<>that<>respect
      ]
      [negative
        in<>other<>respects\
        elsewhere
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Halliday 2014: 612-614

🔝

Conjunctive adjuncts: elaboration (left-to-right)

[conjunctive<>adjuncts
  [elaboration
    [apposition
      [expository
        [in<>other<>words\
         that<>is<>(to<>say)\
         I<>mean<>(to<>say)\
         to<>put<>it<>another<>way]
      ]
      [exemplifying
        [for<>example\
         for<>instanace\
         thus\
         to<>illustrate]
      ]
    ]
    [clarification
      [corrective
        [or<>rather\
         at<>least\
         to<>be<>more<>precise]
      ]
      [distractive
        [by<>the<>way\
         incidentally]
      ]
      [dismissive
        [in<>any<>case\
         anyway\
         leaving<>that<>aside]
      ]
      [particularizing
        [in<>particular\
         more<>especially]
      ]
      [resumptive
        [as<>I<>wasy<>saying\
         to<>resume\
         to<>get<>back<>to<>the<>point]
      ]
      [summative
        [in<>short\
         to<>sum<>up\
         in<>conclusion\
         briefly]
      ]
      [verifactive
        [actually\
         as<>a<>matter<>of<>fact\
         in<>fact\
         indeed]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ltr
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Halliday 2014: 612-614

Conjunctive adjuncts: elaboration (left-to-right)

🔝

Conjunctive adjuncts: enhancement 1 (left-to-right)

[conjunctive<>adjuncts
  [enhancement<>(1)
    [temporal
      [simple
        [following
          [then\
           next\
           afterwards\
           first<>...<>then]
        ]
        [simultaneous
          [just<>then\
           at<>the<>same<>time]
        ]
        [preceding
          [before<>that\
           hitherto\
           previously]
        ]
        [conclusive
          [in<>the<>end\
           finally]
        ]
      ]
      [complex
        [immediate
          [at<>once\
           thereupon\
           straightaway]
        ]
        [interrupted
          [soon\
           after<>a<>while]
        ]
        [repetitive
          [next<>time\
           on<>another<>occasion]
        ]
        [specific
          [next<>day\
           an<>hour<>later\
           that<>morning]
        ]
        [durative
          [meanwhile\
           all<>that<>time]
        ]
        [terminal
          [until<>then\
           up<>to<>that<>point]
        ]
        [punctiliar
          [at<>this<>point]
        ]
      ]
      [simple<>internal
        [following
          [next\
           secondly\
           my<>next<>pooitn<>is\
           first<>...<>next]
        ]
        [simultaneous
          [at<>this<>point\
           here\
           now]
        ]
        [preceding
          [hitherto\
           up<>to<>now]
        ]
        [conclusive
          [lastly\
           last<>of<>all\
           finally]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ltr
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Halliday 2014: 612-614

Conjunctive adjuncts: enhancement 1 (left-to-right)

🔝

Conjunctive adjuncts: enhancement 2 (left-to-right)

[conjunctive<>adjuncts
  [enhancement<>(2)
    [manner
      [comparison
        [positive
          [likewise\
           similarly]
        ]
        [negative
          [in<>a<>different<>way]
        ]
      ]
      [means
        [thus\
         thereby\
         by<>such<>means]
      ]
    ]
    [causal\-conditional
      [general
        [so\
         then\
         therefore\
         consequently\
         hence\
         because<>of<>that\
         for]
      ]
      [specific
        [result
          [in<>consequence\
           as<>a<>result]
        ]
        [reason
          [on<>account<>of<>this\
           for<>that<>reason]
        ]
        [purpose
          [for<>that<>purpose\
           with<>this<>in<>view]
        ]
        [conditional:\
         positive
          [then\
           in<>that<>case\
           in<>that<>event\
           under<>the<>circumstances]
        ]
        [conditional:\
         negative
          [otherwise\
           if<>not]
        ]
        [concessive
          [yet\
           still\
           though\
           despite<>this\
           however\
           even<>so\
           all<>the<>same\
           nevertheless]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    [matter
      [positive
        [here\
         there\
         as<>to<>that\
         in<>that<>respect]
      ]
      [negative
        [in<>other<>respects\
         elsewhere]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Functional Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ltr
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Halliday 2014: 612-614

Conjunctive adjuncts: enhancement 2 (left-to-right)

🔝

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar

HPSG sample

[#*phrase*\
  HEAD\t|1|\
  SPR\t⟨<>⟩\
  COMPS\t⟨<>⟩
  [#*word*\
    HEAD\t|2|<>*noun*\
    SPR\t⟨<>⟩\
    COMPS\t⟨<>⟩
    Kim
  ]
  [#*phrase*\
    HEAD\t|1|\
    SPR\t⟨<>|2|<>⟩\
    COMPS\t⟨<>⟩
    [#*word*\
      HEAD\t|1|<>*verb*\
      SPR\t⟨<>|2|<>NP⟩\
      COMPS\t⟨<>|3|<>PP\[*on*\]⟩
      relies
    ]
    [#|3|<>*phrase*\
      HEAD\t|4|\
      SPR\t⟨<>⟩\
      COMPS\t⟨<>⟩
      [#*word*\
        HEAD\t|4|<>*prep*\
        FORM\t*on*\
        SPR\t⟨<>⟩\
        COMPS\t⟨<>|5|<>⟩
        on
      ]
      [#|5|<>*word*\
        HEAD\t*noun*\
        SPR\t⟨<>⟩\
        COMPS\t⟨<>⟩
        Sandy
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	0.5
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Nested feature structure

[#*word*\
  PHON\t⟨<>*relies*<>⟩\
  SYNSEM\t#(LOC\t#(CAT\t#(HEAD\t#(*verb*\
    VFORM\t*fin*#)\
    VAL\t#(SPR\t⟨<>|1|<>⟩\
    COMPS\t⟨<>|2|<>⟩#)#)\
    CONT\t#(*rely-rel*\
    RELIER\t|1|\
    RELIED-ON\t|2|#)#)#)
]

Category	Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	0.5
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	literal
Reference	cf. Sag, Wasow and Bender 2003

🔝

Lexical-Functional Grammar

Annotated c-structure

[S
  [NP\
   (↑SUBJ)\=↓
    David
  ]
  [VP\
   ↑\=↓
    [V\
     ↑\=↓
      handed
    ]
    [NP\
     (↑OBJ)\=↓
      Chris
    ]
    [NP\
     (↑OBJ_θ_)\=↓
      a toy
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Lexical-Functional Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Bresnan 2001

🔝

F-structure

[#PRED\t‘hand⟨SUBJ,<>OBJ,<>OBJ_θ_⟩’\
  TENSE\t*past*\
  SUBJ\t#(PRED\t‘David’#)\
  OBJ\t#(PRED\t‘Chris’#)\
  OBJ_θ_\t#(SPEC\t*a*\
  PRED\t‘toy’#)
]

Category	Lexical-Functional Grammar
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	0.5
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Bresnan 2001

🔝

Formal Semantics

Lambda calculus

[chase(mouse)(cat)
  [<>λx.λy.chase(mouse)(y)<>
    [<>λxλy.chase(x)(y)<>]
    [<>mouse<>]
  ]
  [<>cat<>]
]

Category	Formal Semantics
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans Mono
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Discourse representation structure

[##x<>y\
---\
farmer(x)\
donkey(y)\
own(x,<>y)
]

Category	Formal Semantics
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Kamp and Reyle 1993

🔝

Type-driven semantic composition

[S\n*t*\n**love**(**m**)(**j**)
  [DP\n*e*\n**j** [*John*]]
  [VP\n⟨*e*,*t*⟩\nλ*x*.**love**(**m**)(*x*)
    [V\n⟨*e*,⟨*e*,*t*⟩⟩\nλ*y*λ*x*.**love**(*y*)(*x*) [*loves*]]
    [DP\n*e*\n**m** [*Mary*]]]]

Category	Formal Semantics
Tidy layout	off
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	nothing
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Historical Linguistics

Indo-European language family

[Proto\-Indo\-European
  [%@#4a7c59:Italic
    [Latin
      [Western [*Spanish*] [*Portuguese*] [*French*]]
      [Eastern [*Italian*] [*Romanian*]]]]
  [%@#3d6b9e:Germanic
    [West [*English*] [*German*] [*Dutch*]]
    [North [*Swedish*] [*Icelandic*]]]
  [%@#b5651d:Balto\-Slavic
    [Slavic [*Russian*] [*Polish*] [*Czech*]]
    [Baltic [*Lithuanian*] [*Latvian*]]]
  [%@#8e4585:Indo\-Iranian
    [Indo\-Aryan [*Hindi*] [*Bengali*]]
    [Iranian [*Persian*] [*Pashto*]]]
  [%@#7a6a9b:Hellenic [Ancient<>Greek [*Greek*]]]
  [%@#2f7d7d:Celtic [*Irish*] [*Welsh*]]]

Category	Historical Linguistics
Tidy layout	off
H spacing	0.5
V spacing	5.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ltr
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Morphology

Morphological derivation of internationalization

[N
  [V
    [A
      [Af inter\-]
      [A
        [N nation]
        [Af \-al]
      ]
    ]
    [Af \-ize]
  ]
  [Af \-ation]
]

Category	Morphology
Tidy layout	high
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

Morphological derivation of <i>internationalization</i>

🔝

Multilingual

Parallel example — English (Latin script)

[S
  [NP
    [PRON Its]
    [NOUN importance]
  ]
  [VP
    [VERB resides]
    [PP
      [ADP in]
      [NP
        [NUM two]
        [NOUN facts]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Multilingual
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	UD-PUD w01071036 (Zeman et al. 2017); constituency derived from the dependencies

Parallel example — English (Latin script)

🔝

Parallel example — Arabic (right-to-left tree via the mirror option)

[S
  [VP
    [VERB تكمن]
    [NP
      [NOUN أهميت]
      [PRON ه]
    ]
  ]
  [PP
    [ADP في]
    [NOUN حقيقتين]
  ]
]

Category	Multilingual
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	on
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	UD-PUD w01071036 (Zeman et al. 2017); constituency derived from the dependencies

Parallel example — Arabic (right-to-left tree via the mirror option)

🔝

Parallel example — Hindi (Devanagari: reordering and conjuncts)

[AP
  [NP
    [PRON इसका]
    [NOUN महत्व]
  ]
  [AP
    [PP
      [NP
        [NUM दो]
        [NOUN तथ्यों]
      ]
      [ADP में]
    ]
    [AP
      [ADJ निहित]
      [AUX है]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Multilingual
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	UD-PUD w01071036 (Zeman et al. 2017); constituency derived from the dependencies

Parallel example — Hindi (Devanagari: reordering and conjuncts)

🔝

Parallel example — Thai (stacked marks, no word spacing)

[S
  [ADJ ความสำคัญ]
  [VP
    [VERB อยู่]
    [NP
      [NP
        [PP
          [ADP ใน]
          [NOUN ข้อ]
        ]
        [ADJ เท็จจริง]
      ]
      [NumP
        [NUM สอง]
        [NOUN ประการ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Multilingual
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	UD-PUD w01071036 (Zeman et al. 2017); constituency derived from the dependencies

Parallel example — Thai (stacked marks, no word spacing)

🔝

Parallel example — Japanese (kanji and kana)

[S
  [NP
    [PP
      [NP
        [NUM 2]
        [NOUN つ]
      ]
      [ADP の]
    ]
    [PP
      [NOUN 事実]
      [ADP が]
    ]
  ]
  [VP
    [AP
      [ADJ 重要]
      [AUX に]
    ]
    [VP
      [VERB なり]
      [AUX ます]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Multilingual
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	UD-PUD w01071036 (Zeman et al. 2017); constituency derived from the dependencies

Parallel example — Japanese (kanji and kana)

🔝

Parallel example — Korean (Hangul)

[S
  [NP
    [DET 그]
    [NOUN 중요성이]
  ]
  [VP
    [VP
      [NP
        [NP
          [DET 두]
          [NOUN 가지]
        ]
        [NOUN 사실에]
      ]
      [VERB 숨어]
    ]
    [AUX 있다]
  ]
]

Category	Multilingual
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	UD-PUD w01071036 (Zeman et al. 2017); constituency derived from the dependencies

🔝

Parallel example — Russian (Cyrillic)

[S
  [NOUN Важность]
  [VP
    [VERB заключается]
    [PP
      [ADP в]
      [NP
        [NUM двух]
        [NOUN фактах]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Multilingual
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	UD-PUD w01071036 (Zeman et al. 2017); constituency derived from the dependencies

🔝

Parallel example — Turkish (Latin with diacritics)

[AP
  [AP
    [NP
      [NP
        [NUM İki]
        [NOUN olgu]
      ]
      [NOUN bakımından]
    ]
    [ADJ önemli]
  ]
  [AUX dir]
]

Category	Multilingual
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	UD-PUD w01071036 (Zeman et al. 2017); constituency derived from the dependencies

Parallel example — Turkish (Latin with diacritics)

🔝

Parallel example — Chinese (logographic han characters)

[S
  [AP
    [PRON 其]
    [ADJ 重要性]
  ]
  [VP
    [PP
      [ADP 在]
      [PP
        [NP
          [NP
            [NUM 兩]
            [NOUN 個]
          ]
          [NOUN 事實]
        ]
        [ADP 中]
      ]
    ]
    [VP
      [VERB 反應]
      [VERB 出來]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Multilingual
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	UD-PUD w01071036 (Zeman et al. 2017); constituency derived from the dependencies

Parallel example — Chinese (logographic han characters)

🔝

Phonology

Phonology sample

[σ
  [Onset
    [s]
    [t]
    [r]
  ]
  [Rhyme
    [Nucleus ɛ]
    [Coda
      [ŋ]
      [k]
    ]
  ]
  [Appendix
    [θ]
    [S]
  ]
]

Category	Phonology
Tidy layout	symmetric
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Sound feature geometry

[root\
 \[cons\]\<>\[sonor\]\
 stricture\
 \[later\]\<>\[strid\]\<>\[contin\]
  [cavity\ Oral
    [articulator\ Labial
      terminal\
      features\
      \[round\]
    ]
    [articulator\ Coronal
      terminal\
      features\
      \[anter\]\
      \[distrib\]
    ]
    [articulator\ Dorsal
      terminal\
      features\
      \[back\]\
      \[high\]\
      \[low\]
    ]
  ]
  [cavity\ Nasal
    [articulator\ Soft<>Palate
      terminal\
      features\
      \[nasal\]
    ]
  ]
  [cavity\ Pharyngeal
    [articulator\ Radical
      terminal\
      features\
      \[ATR\]\
      \[RTR\]
    ]
    [articulator\ Glottal
      terminal\
      features\
      \[spread<>gl\]\
      \[constr<>gl\]\
      \[voiced\]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Phonology
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans Mono
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Halle 1992

🔝

Pragmatics

Types of meaning

[Types<>of<>meaning
  [conventional
    [semantic
      [entailment]
      [presupposition]
    ]
    [pragmatic
      [conventional\
       implicature]
    ]
  ]
  [non\-conventional
    [explicit
      [explicature]
    ]
    [implicit
      [conventional
        [generalized\
         implicature]
        [particularized\
         implicature]
      ]
      [non\-\
       conventional
        [pragmatic\
         presupposition]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Pragmatics
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Zufferey, Moeschler, and Reboul 2014

🔝

Types of meaning (left-to-right)

[Types<>of<>meaning
  [conventional
    [semantic
      [entailment]
      [presupposition]
    ]
    [pragmatic
      [conventional\
       implicature]
    ]
  ]
  [non\-conventional
    [explicit
      [explicature]
    ]
    [implicit
      [conventional
        [generalized\
         implicature]
        [particularized\
         implicature]
      ]
      [non\-\
       conventional
        [pragmatic\
         presupposition]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Pragmatics
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ltr
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Zufferey, Moeschler, and Reboul 2014

🔝

Computer Science

Programming language parser

[##\<statement\>
  [##\<while\>
    [##<>w<>]
    [##<>(<>]
    [##\<expression\>
      [##\<less\-than\>
        [##\<multiply\>
          [##\<term\>
            [##<>v<>]
          ]       
        ]
        [##<>\<<>]
        [##\<less\-than\>
          [##\<multiply\>
            [##\<term\>
              [##<>n<>]
            ]            
          ]
        ]        
      ]
    ]
    [##<>)<>]
    [##<>\{<>]
    [##\<statement\>
      [##\<assign\>
        [##<>v<>]
        [##<>\=<>]
        [##\<\expression\>
          [##\<less\-than\>
            [##\<multiply\>
              [##\<term\>
                [##<>v<>]
              ]
              [##<>\*<>]
              [##\<multiply\>
                [##\<term\>
                  [##<>n<>]
                ]
              ]  
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    [##<>\}<>]
  ]
]

Category	Computer Science
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans Mono
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Stuart 2014

🔝

Arithmetic parser

[\<expression\>
  [\<term\>
    [\<term\>
      [\<factor\>
        \(
        [\<expression\>
          [\<expression\>
            [\<term\>
              [\<factor\>
                {A}
              ]
            ]
          ]
          [{＋}]
          [\<term\>
            [\<factor\>
              {B}
            ]
          ]
        ]
        \)
      ]
    ]
    [{＊}]
    [\<factor\>
      \(
      [\<expression\>
        [\<expression\>
          [\<term\>
            [\<factor\>
              {C}
            ]
          ]
        ]
        [{＋}]
        [\<term\>
          [\<factor\>
            {D}
          ]
        ]
      ]
      \)
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Computer Science
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans Mono
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference

🔝

Quick sort

[|20||2||14||9||15||16||11||19||10||**13**|
  [|2||9||12||11||**10**|+->0
    [|2||9|+->2
      [|2|]
      [|9|]
    ] 
    [|10|+-2+-3]
    [|12||11|+->3
      [|12|+->6]
      [|11|+->6]
    ] 
  ]
 [|13|+-0+-1]
 [|20||14||15||19||**16**|+->1
    [|14||15|+->4
      [|14|]
      [|15|]
    ]  
    [|16|+-4+-5]
    [|20||19|+->5
      [|20|+->7]
      [|19|+->7]
    ]  
  ]  
]

Category	Computer Science
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Formal Concept Analysis

Animal ontology

[##Human,<>Bonobo,<>Lion,<>Eagle,<>Sparrow,<>Ostrich\
 ---\
 <>
  [##Human\
   ---\
   talking,<>ape,<>mammal
     [##Bonobo\
      ---\
      ape,<>mammal+-1]
  ]
  [##Lion\
   ---\
   mammal,<>preying+-4+-6
     [<>\ <>\ <>
       [##<>\
        ---\
        mammal+-1+-2+-4
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [##Eagle\
   ---\
   preying,<>flying,<>bird
     [##<>\
      ---\
      preying+-5+-6
      [<>\ <>\ <>
        [##<>\
         ---\
         talking,<>ape,<>mammal,<>preying,<>flying,<>bird+-2+-3+-5
        ]
      ]
    ]
    [##Sparrow\
     ---\
     flying,<>bird
      [##Ostrich\
       ---\
       bird<>+-3
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Formal Concept Analysis
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans Mono
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Natural Language Processing

Relations between WordNet senses

[##hypernym+-<1
  [##meronym+-<2
    [meronymy/part\-whole+-2+-3+-<4
      [##holonym+-<3]
    ]
  ]
  [superordinate+-1+-<7
    [###word+-4+-<6+-7+-8
      [subordinate+-5+-<8
        [##hyponym+-<5]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [<>
    [##synonym+-<6]
  ]
]

Category	Natural Language Processing
Tidy layout	symmetric
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans Mono
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	on
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Jurafsky and Martin 2018

🔝

Miscellaneous

Tic-tac-toe

[
  |○|||||\
  |×||×||○|\
  |×||○|||
  [
    |○|*|○|*||\
    |×||×||○|\
    |×||○|||
    [
      |○||○|*|×|*\
      |×||×||○|\
      |×||○|||
    ]
    [
      |○||○|||\
      |×||×||○|\
      |×||○|*|×|*
      [
        |○||○|*|○|*\
        |×||×||○|\
        |×||○||×|
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [
    |○|||*|○|*\
    |×||×||○|\
    |×||○|||
    [
      |○|*|×|*|○|\
      |×||×||○|\
      |×||○|||
      [
        |○||×||○|\
        |×||×||○|\
        |×||○|*|○|*
      ]
    ]
    [
      |○||||○|\
      |×||×||○|\
      |×||○|*|×|*
      [
        |○|*|○|*|○|\
        |×||×||○|\
        |×||○||×|
      ]
    ]
  ]
  [
    |○|||||\
    |×||×||○|\
    |×||○|*|○|*
    [
      |○|*|×|*||\
      |×||×||○|\
      |×||○||○|
      [
        |○||×|*|○|*\
        |×||×||○|\
        |×||○||○|
      ]
    ]
    [
      |○|||*|×|*\
      |×||×||○|\
      |×||○||○|
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Miscellaneous
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Tournament

[{**D**}
  [{**D**}
    [A [{A}] [B]]
    [{**D**} [C] [{**D**}]]
  ]
  [G
    [F [E] [{F}]]
    [{G} [{G}] [H]]
  ]
]

Category	Miscellaneous
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	none
Connector shape	bar
Line width	1
Polyline	on
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup
Reference

🔝

Cognitive science linkages

[##Philosophy+-1+-2+-3+-4+-5
  [##Psychology+-1+-6+-7+-8+-9+-10
    [<>
      [##Computer<>Science+-2+-6+-7+-11+-12+-13]
    ]
  ]
  [<>
    [<>
      [<>
        [##Neuroscience+-3+-8+-11+-14+-15]
      ]  
    ]
  ]
  [##Linguistics+-4+-9+-12+-14+-16
    [<>
      [##Anthropology+-5+-10+-13+-15+-16]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Miscellaneous
Tidy layout	symmetric
H spacing	0.75
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	gray
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	on
Hyphen	markup
Reference	Miller et al. 1978

🔝

Escaping square brackets

[expr
  [expr
    [expr
      [id x]
      [suffix \[2\]]
    ]
    [suffix \[3\]]
  ]
  [suffix \[4\]]
]

Category	Miscellaneous
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Per-node coloring (named colors)

[S
  [@red:NP the dog]
  [@blue:VP
    [@green:V runs]
    [@orange:Adv quickly]
  ]
]

Category	Miscellaneous
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Per-leaf coloring (hex colors)

[S
  [NP
    [Det @#E63946:the]
    [N @#457B9D:cat]
  ]
  [VP
    [V @#2A9D8F:sleeps]
  ]
]

Category	Miscellaneous
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.2
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝

Per-node coloring with enclosure and triangle

[S
  [#@red:NP the quick brown fox]
  [#@green:VP
    [V jumps]
    [PP
      [P over]
      [^@purple:NP the lazy dog]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Miscellaneous
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	2.0
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Sans
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

Per-node coloring with enclosure and triangle

🔝

Subscript and superscript

[TP
  [DP_i_ John]
  [T'
    [T__0__ pres]
    [VP
      [V believes]
      [TP
        [DP_i_ himself]
        [T'
          [T__0__ to]
          [VP
            [V be]
            [AP smart]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]

Category	Miscellaneous
Tidy layout	low
H spacing	1.0
V spacing	1.5
Label air	0.4
Shear	0
Direction	ttb
Derivation	off
Mirror (RTL)	off
Font	Noto Serif
Size	16
Color	modern
Connector shape	auto
Line width	1
Polyline	off
Hide connectors	off
Hyphen	markup

🔝