Example Gallery
- General [5]
- Generative Grammar [12]
- Combinatory Categorial Grammar [2]
- Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar [1]
- Cognitive Grammar [4]
- Phonology [2]
- Miscellaneous [3]
- Computer Science [3]
- Pragmatics [1]
- Construction Grammar [5]
- Functional Grammar [6]
- Formal Concept Analysis [1]
- Formal Semantics [1]
- Natural Language Processing [1]
General
RSyntaxTree basic example
[S
[NP |R| **SyntaxTree**]
[VP
[V *generates*]
[NP
[Adj #\+multilingual\
\+beautiful]
[NP ^syntax\
trees]
]
]
]
Category | General |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | modern |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Sans |
Basic binary tree
[A
[B
[D]
[E]
]
[C
[F]
[G]
]
]
Category | General |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 1 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | modern |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Basic polyline sample
[A
[B
[D [H] [I]]
[E [J] [K]]
]
[C
[F [L] [M]]
[G [N] [O]]
]
]
Category | General |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 1 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | on |
Color | modern |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
From phoneme to sentence
[The<>umpires<>talked<>to<>the<>players
[the<>umpires
[the+-1
[<> รฐi+-1]
]
[umpires
[umpire สฬmpaษชษr]
[s z]
]
]
[talked<>to<>the<>players
[talked
[talk tษหk]
[ed t]
]
[to+-2
[<> tษ+-2]
]
[the+-3
[<> รฐษ+-3]
]
[players
[player plรฉษชษr]
[s z]
]
]
]
Category | General |
Connector | bar |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | modern |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | WQY Zen Hei |
Basic tree with triangles
[NP
[NP a picture]
[PP
[P of]
[NP ^cats]
]
]
Category | General |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 1 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | modern |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Generative Grammar
Minimalistic syntree
[CP
[John]
[TP
[T
[V
[cause]
[V fall]
]
[T]
]
[VP
[V *t*_c_]
[CP
[books]
[*t*_f_]
]
]
]
]
Category | Generative Grammar |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Reference | Chomsky 1995: 50 |
Minimalistic syntree
[VP
[John]
[V'
[V *e*]
[VP
[NP a book]
[V'
[V gave]
[to\-Bill]
]
]
]
]
Category | Generative Grammar |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Reference | Chomsky 1995: 62 |
Minimalistic syntree
[VP_1_
[NP_1_ John]
[V'_1_
[V_1_ *e*]
[VP_2_
[NP_2_ the book]
[V'_2_
[V_2_ put]
[ZP on the shelf]
]
]
]
]
Category | Generative Grammar |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Reference | Chomsky 1995: 180 |
Minimalistic syntree
[X__max__
[\[Y\โX\]]
[YP
[Spec_1_]
[Y'
[*t*]
[ZP]
]
]
]
Category | Generative Grammar |
Connector | none |
Connector Height | 1.5 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Reference | Chomsky 1995: 355 |
Minimalistic syntree
[๐ฃP
[Spec_2_]
[๐ฃ'
[Subj]
[๐ฃ'
[Vb]
[VP
[*t*_v_]
[Obj]
]
]
]
]
Category | Generative Grammar |
Connector | none |
Connector Height | 1.5 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Reference | Chomsky 1995: 369 |
X-bar model (with Japanese labels)
[XP
[W Specifier\
ๆๅฎ้จ]
[X'
[X'
[X Head\
ไธป่ฆ้จ]
[Y Complement\
่ฃ้จ]
]
[Z Modifier\
ไปๅ ้จ]
]
]
Category | Generative Grammar |
Connector | bar |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
vP-shell (Japanese)
[๐ฃP
[NP ๅคช้ใ]
[๐ฃ'
[VP
[๐ฃP
[NP ^ๆณฅๆฃใซ]
[๐ฃ'
[VP ^่ฒกๅธใ็ใ]
[๐ฃ]
]
]
[V ใใ]
]
[๐ฃ]
]
]
Category | Generative Grammar |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Non-binary tree sample
[S__๏ผ__
[NP ฮฑ_1_]
[INFL (AGR)]
[VP
[V]
[NP ฮฑ_2_]
[PP
[P]
[NP ฮฑ_3_]
]
]
]
Category | Generative Grammar |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
[CP
[C
รธ]
[TP
[PRN
**They**+>2
]
[T'
[T
Will
]
[vP
[PRN
~**they**~+2
]
[v'
[v
รธ<>\+<>*get*+>1
]
[VP
[DP
the<>teacher]
[V'
[V
~*get*~+1
]
[QP
a<>present
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
Category | Generative Grammar |
Connector | none |
Connector Height | 1.5 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | modern |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Reference | Radford 2004 |
Tree with text labels in bold
[S
[NP I]
[PdP
[VP
[V knew]
[NP **Harvey**]
]
[Adv
[when]
[S
[NP **Harvey**]
[PdP was a little boy]
]
]
]
]
Category | Generative Grammar |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 1 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | modern |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Reference | Langacker 1969: 175 |
X-bar model
[XP
[W Specifier]
[X'
[X'
[X Head]
[Y Complement]
]
[Z Modifier]
]
]
Category | Generative Grammar |
Connector | none |
Connector Height | 1.5 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Merge
[ฮณ
ฮณ
[ฮฑ
[ฮฑ]
[ฮฒ]
]
]
Category | Generative Grammar |
Connector | none |
Connector Height | 1.0 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | none |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Combinatory Categorial Grammar
CCG sample
[S\
\<
[NP\
\>
[NP/N\
---\
*the*
]
[N\
---\
*dog*
]
]
[S\\NP\
\>
[(S\\NP)\\NP\
---\
*bit*
]
[NP\
---\
*John*
]
]
]
Category | Combinatory Categorial Grammar |
Connector | none |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
CCG sample
[S\
\>
[S/NP\
B_\>_
[S/(S\\NP)\
T_\>_
[NP\
\>
[NP/N\
---\
*the*
]
[N\
---\
*dog*
]
]
]
[(S\\NP)/NP\
---\
*bit*
]
]
[NP\
---\
*John*
]
]
Category | Combinatory Categorial Grammar |
Connector | none |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
HPSG sample
[#HEAD<>___|1|___\
---\
SPR<>ใ<>ใ\
COMPS<>ใ<>ใ
[#HEAD<>___|2|___\
---\
*noun*\
---\
SPR<>ใ<>ใ\
COMPSใ<>ใ
Kim
]
[#HEAD<>___|1|___\
---\
SPR<>ใ<>___|2|___<>ใ\
COMPS<>ใ<>ใ
[#HEAD<>___|1|___\
---\
*verb*\
---\
SPR<>ใ<>___|2|___<>NPใ\
COMPS<>ใ<>___|3|___<>PP\[*on*\]ใ
relies
]
[#<6>___|3|___\
---\
HEAD<>|___4___|\
---\
SPR<>ใ<>ใ\
COMPS<>ใ<>ใ
[#HEAD<>|___4___|\
---\
*prep*\
FORM<>*on*\
---\
SPR<>ใ<>ใ\
COMPS<>ใ<>|___5___|<>ใ
on
]
[#HEAD<>|___5___|\
---\
*noun*\
---\
SPR<>ใ<>ใ\
COMPS<>ใ<>ใ
Sandy
]
]
]
]
Category | Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar |
Connector | bar |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Cognitive Grammar
Cognitive Grammar sample
[##*{๐ง}**--**|s|*\
__|G|__<>RELATION\
---\
*that<>girl<>is<>smart*
[##*{๐ง}*\
__|G|__<>THING\
---\
*that<>girl*
[##*{/}*\
__|G|__<>THING\
----\
*that*
]
[##*{๐ง}*\
THING\
----\
*girl*
]
]
[##{/}*--**|s|*\
__|G|__<>RELATION\
---\
*is<>smart*
[##{/}*--*|/|\
__|G|__<>RELATION\
---\
*is*
]
[##{/}--*|s|*\
RELATION\
---\
*smart*
]
]
]
Category | Cognitive Grammar |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 1 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Schema network
[##Schema+->0+->1
[##Prototype+->0+-2]
[##Extention+->1+->2]
]
Category | Cognitive Grammar |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | on |
Polyline | off |
Color | modern |
Radical Symmetirization | on |
Font | Noto Serif |
Action chain
[###John<>opened<>the<>door<>with<>the<>key\
<>\
{}->{}->{}->\
<>\
AGT<>\><>INST<>\><>PAT
]
Category | Cognitive Grammar |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 1 |
Line Width | 3 |
Hide Default Connectors | on |
Polyline | off |
Color | modern |
Radical Symmetirization | on |
Font | Noto Serif |
Prototypical organization of English nominals
[##Nominal
[##Grounding\
Predication+-1]
[##Quantified\
Instance+->1
[##Absolute\
Quantifier+-2]
[###Higher\-Order\
Instantiated\
Type+->2
[###Higher\-Order\
Instantiated\
Type+->3
[##Modifier+-4]
[###Head<>Noun\
---\
Basic\
Instantiated\
Type+->4+->5
[##Basic<>Type<>Specification\
---\
Underived<>Stem\
Plural<>Stem\
Derived<>Stem\
Compound<>Stem+-5
]
]
]
[###Modifier+-3]
]
]
]
Category | Cognitive Grammar |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 3 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | modern |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Reference | Langacker 1991: 147 |
Phonology
Phonology sample
[ฯ
[Onset
[s]
[t]
[r]
]
[Rhyme
[Nucleus ษ]
[Coda
[ล]
[k]
]
]
[Appendix
[ฮธ]
[S]
]
]
Category | Phonology |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | modern |
Radical Symmetirization | on |
Font | WQY Zen Hei |
Sound feature geometry
[root\
\[cons\]\<>\[sonor\]\
stricture\
\[later\]\<>\[strid\]\<>\[contin\]
[cavity\ Oral
[articulator\ Labial
terminal\
features\
\[round\]
]
[articulator\ Coronal
terminal\
features\
\[anter\]\
\[distrib\]
]
[articulator\ Dorsal
terminal\
features\
\[back\]\
\[high\]\
\[low\]
]
]
[cavity\ Nasal
[articulator\ Soft<>Palate
terminal\
features\
\[nasal\]
]
]
[cavity\ Pharyngeal
[articulator\ Radical
terminal\
features\
\[ATR\]\
\[RTR\]
]
[articulator\ Glottal
terminal\
features\
\[spread<>gl\]\
\[constr<>gl\]\
\[voiced\]
]
]
]
Category | Phonology |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | on |
Color | none |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto sans mono |
Reference | Halle 1992 |
Miscellaneous
Tick-tac-toe
[
|โ|||||\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ|||
[
|โ|*|โ|*||\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ|||
[
|โ||โ|*|ร|*\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ|||
]
[
|โ||โ|||\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ|*|ร|*
[
|โ||โ|*|โ|*\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ||ร|
]
]
]
[
|โ|||*|โ|*\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ|||
[
|โ|*|ร|*|โ|\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ|||
[
|โ||ร||โ|\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ|*|โ|*
]
]
[
|โ||||โ|\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ|*|ร|*
[
|โ|*|โ|*|โ|\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ||ร|
]
]
]
[
|โ|||||\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ|*|โ|*
[
|โ|*|ร|*||\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ||โ|
[
|โ||ร|*|โ|*\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ||โ|
]
]
[
|โ|||*|ร|*\
|ร||ร||โ|\
|ร||โ||โ|
]
]
]
Category | Miscellaneous |
Connector | bar |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | WQY Zen Hei |
Tournament
[{**D**}
[{**D**}
[A [{A}] [B]]
[{**D**} [C] [{**D**}]]
]
[G
[F [E] [{F}]]
[{G} [{G}] [H]]
]
]
Category | Miscellaneous |
Connector | bar |
Connector Height | 1 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | on |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Sans |
Reference |
Cognitive science linkages
[##Philosophy+-1+-2+-3+-4+-5
[##Psychology+-1+-6+-7+-8+-9+-10
[<>
[##Computer<>Science+-2+-6+-7+-11+-12+-13]
]
]
[<>
[<>
[<>
[##Neuroscience+-3+-8+-11+-14+-15]
]
]
]
[##Linguistics+-4+-9+-12+-14+-16
[<>
[##Anthropology+-5+-10+-13+-15+-16]
]
]
]
Category | Miscellaneous |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 3 |
Line Width | 3 |
Hide Default Connectors | on |
Polyline | off |
Color | none |
Radical Symmetirization | on |
Font | Noto Serif |
Reference | Miller et al. 1978 |
Computer Science
Programming language parser
[##\<statement\>
[##\<while\>
[##<>w<>]
[##<>(<>]
[##\<expression\>
[##\<less\-than\>
[##\<multiply\>
[##\<term\>
[##<>v<>]
]
]
[##<>\<<>]
[##\<less\-than\>
[##\<multiply\>
[##\<term\>
[##<>n<>]
]
]
]
]
]
[##<>)<>]
[##<>\{<>]
[##\<statement\>
[##\<assign\>
[##<>v<>]
[##<>\=<>]
[##\<\expression\>
[##\<less\-than\>
[##\<multiply\>
[##\<term\>
[##<>v<>]
]
[##<>\*<>]
[##\<multiply\>
[##\<term\>
[##<>n<>]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
[##<>\}<>]
]
]
Category | Computer Science |
Connector | bar |
Connector Height | 2 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | on |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Sans Mono |
Reference | Stuart 2014 |
Arithmetic parser
[\<expression\>
[\<term\>
[\<term\>
[\<factor\>
\(
[\<expression\>
[\<expression\>
[\<term\>
[\<factor\>
{A}
]
]
]
[{๏ผ}]
[\<term\>
[\<factor\>
{B}
]
]
]
\)
]
]
[{๏ผ}]
[\<factor\>
\(
[\<expression\>
[\<expression\>
[\<term\>
[\<factor\>
{C}
]
]
]
[{๏ผ}]
[\<term\>
[\<factor\>
{D}
]
]
]
\)
]
]
]
Category | Computer Science |
Connector | bar |
Connector Height | 1 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | on |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Sans Mono |
Reference |
Quick sort
[|20||2||14||9||15||16||11||19||10||**13**|
[|2||9||12||11||**10**|+->0
[|2||9|+->2
[|2|]
[|9|]
]
[|10|+-2+-3]
[|12||11|+->3
[|12|+->6]
[|11|+->6]
]
]
[|13|+-0+-1]
[|20||14||15||19||**16**|+->1
[|14||15|+->4
[|14|]
[|15|]
]
[|16|+-4+-5]
[|20||19|+->5
[|20|+->7]
[|19|+->7]
]
]
]
Category | Computer Science |
Connector | auto |
Connector Height | 2.0 |
Line Width | 2 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | off |
Color | modern |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Sans |
Pragmatics
Types of meaning
[Types<>of<>meaning
[conventional
[semantic
[entailment]
[presupposition]
]
[pragmatic
[conventional\
implicature]
]
]
[non\-conventional
[explicit
[explicature]
]
[implicit
[conventional
[generalized\
implicature]
[particularized\
implicature]
]
[non\-\
conventional
[pragmatic\
presupposition]
]
]
]
]
Category | Pragmatics |
Connector | bar |
Connector Height | 1.5 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | on |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Reference | Zufferey, Moeschler, and Reboul 2014 |
Construction Grammar
Network of non-prototypical sentence constructions
[#**Non\-prototypical<>sentence**\
---\
NON\-POSITIVE,\
non\-predicate<>focus,\
non\-assertive,\
dependent,\
non\-declarative
[#**Y/N<>questions**\
---\
NON\-POSITIVE,\
non\-declarative\
---\
*Did<>she<>go?*
[#**Wh\-Questions**\
---\
non\-declarative\
---\
*Where<>did<>she<>go?*
]
[#**Exclamatives**\
---\
non\-assertive\
---\
*Boy<>did<>she<>go!*
]
]
[#**Counterfactual<>conditionals**\
---\
NON\-POSITIVE\
dependent,<>non\-asserted\
---\
*Had<>he<>found<>a<>solution,<>he*\
*would<>take<>time<>off<>and<>relax.*
]
[#**Initial<>negative**\
**adverb<>clauses**\
---\
NON\-POSITIVE\
---\
*Not<>until<>yesterday<>did*\
*he<>take<>a<>break.*\
]
[#**Negative<>rejoinder**\
---\
NON\-POSITIVE,\
dependent\
---\
*Neither<>is<>this<>construction*\
*unexpected.*
[#**Positive<>conjunct<>clauses**\
---\
non\-predicate<>focus,\
dependent\
---\
*So<>was<>I.*
]
]
[#**Comparatives**\
---\
non\-topic\-comment,\
dependent\
---\
*He<>was<>faster<>at<>it*\
*than<>was<>she.*
]
[#**Wishes,<>curses**\
---\
NON\-POSITIVE,\
non\-declarative\
---\
*May<>a<>million<>flies*\
*infest<>his<>armpits!*
]
]
Category | Construction Grammar |
Connector | bar |
Connector Height | 3 |
Line Width | 1 |
Hide Default Connectors | off |
Polyline | on |
Color | off |
Radical Symmetirization | off |
Font | Noto Serif |
Reference | Goldberg 2006: 177 |
Construction network
[##Subject\-Predicate<>Construction
[##Intransitive+-1
[<>
[<>
[##Intransitive<>Motion\
---\
*The<>boy<>ran<>home.*+-1+-2]
]
]
]
[##Transitive
[##Caused\-Motion\
---\
*Pat<>sneezed<>the<>napkin<>off<>the<>table.*+-2]
[##Ditransitive\
---\
*Pat<>threw<>Chris<>the<>ball.*
]
]
]
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Reference | Goldberg 1995: 109 |
Taxonomic Hierarchy of clauses
[##Clause
[##Sbj<>IntrVerb
[##Sbj<>*sleep*]
[##Sbj<>*run*]
]
[##Sbj<>TrVerb<>Obj
[##Sbj<>*kick*<>Obj
[##Sbj<>*kick<>the<>bucket*]
[##Sbj<>*kick<>the<>habit*]
]
[##Sbj<>*kiss*<>Obj]
]
]
Category | Construction Grammar |
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Reference | Croft and Cruse 2004: 264 |
Construction network
[##Caused\-Motion\
---\
*Pat<>sneezed<>the<>napkin<>off<>the<>table*+-2+-4+-5
[##Resultative\
---\
*She<>kissed<>him<>unconsicous*+-1+-4
[<>
[##Intransitive<>Resultative\
---\
*The<>jello<>went<>from<>liquid<>to<>solid*+-1+-3]
]
]
[<>
[##Intransitive<>Motion\
---\
*The<>boy<>ran<>home*+-2+-3]
]
[##Transfer\
---\
*Sally<>threw<>a<>football<>to<>him*+-5]
]
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Reference | Goldberg 1995: 109 |
Major clause constructions of English
[ Major<>clause<>construction
[Declarative<>clause<>cxn\
---\
*He<>was<>tired.*\
*He<>made<>mistakes.*
]
[Interrogative<>cxn\
[Yes/No interrogative<>cxn\
---\
*Was<>he<>tired?*\
*Did<>he<>make<>mistakes?*
]
[WH\-interrogative<>cxn
[WH\-subject<>interrogative<>cxn\
---\
*Who<>was<>tired?*
]
[WH\-nonsubject<>interrogative<>cxn\
---\
*What<>was<>he?*\
*What<>did<>he<>make?*
]
]
]
[WH\-exclamative<>cxn\
---\
*How<>tired<>he<>was!*\
*What<>mistakes<>he<>made!*
]
Imperative<>cxn
[Relative<>clause<>cxn\
[WH\-subject<>relative<>clause<>cxn\
---\
The<>emails,<>which<>arrived<>overnight<>...
]
[WH\-nonsubject<>relative<>clause<>cxn\
---\
A<>pilot<>shouldn't<>be<>tired,<>which<>Ben<>was.\
The<>mistalkes<>that<>he<>made<>...
]
]
]
Category | Construction Grammar |
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Reference | Hoffmann 2022: 220 |
Functional Grammar
Types of reference
[Reference:
[\[situational\]\
exophora
]
[\[textual\]\
endophora
[\[to<>preceding<>text\]\
anaphora
]
[\[to<>following<>text\]\
cataphora
]
]
]
Category | Functional Grammar |
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Reference | Halliday and Hasan 1976: 33 |
Types of rejoinder
[REJOINDER\
(any<>cohesive<>sequel<>by<>different<>speaker)
[(following<>a<>question)\
RESPONSE
[(answering)\
DIRECT\
RESPONSE
]
[(not<>answering)\
INDIRECT<>RESPONSE
[(attitude<>to<>answer)\
COMMENTARY
]
[(evading<>answer)\
DISCLAIMER
]
[(implying<>answer)\
SUPPLEMENTARY\
RESPONSE
]
]
]
[(not<>following<>a<>question)\
\[other<>rejoinders\]
[(following<>a<>statement)
[ASSENT]
[CONTRADICTION]
]
[(following<>a\
statement<>or\
command)\
QUESTION\
REJOINDER
]
[(following<>\
a<>command)
[CONSENT]
[REFUSAL]
]
]
]
Category | Functional Grammar |
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Reference | Halliday and Hasan 1976: 207 |
Conjunctive adjuncts [elaboration]
[conjunctive<>adjuncts
[elaboration
[apposition
[expository
in<>other<>words\
that<>is<>(to<>say)\
I<>mean<>(to<>say)\
to<>put<>it<>another<>way
]
[exemplifying
for<>example\
for<>insntance\
thus\
to<>illustrate
]
]
[clarification
[corrective
or<>rather\
at<>least\
to<>be<>more<>precise
]
[distractive
by<>the<>way\
incidentally
]
[dismissive
in<>any<>case\
anyway\
leaving<>that<>aside
]
[particularizing
in<>particular\
more<>especially
]
[resumptive
as<>I<>wasy<>saying\
to<>resume\
to<>get<>back<>to<>the<>point
]
[summative
in<>short\
to<>sum<>up\
in<>conclusion\
briefly
]
[verifactive
actually\
as<>a<>matter<>of<>fact\
in<>fact\
indeed
]
]
]
]
Category | Functional Grammar |
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Reference | Halliday (2014: 612-614) |
Conjunctive adjuncts [extension]
[conjunctive<>adjuncts
[extension
[addition
[positive
and\
also\
moreover\
in<>addition
]
[negative
nor
]
[adversative
but\
yet\
on<>the<>other<>hand\
however
]
]
[variation
[replacive
on<>the<>contrary\
instead
]
[subtractive
alternatively
]
[alternative
alternatively
]
]
]
]
Category | Functional Grammar |
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Reference | Halliday (2014: 612-614) |
Conjunctive adjuncts [enhancement (1)]
[conjunctive<>adjuncts
[enhancement<>(1)
[temporal
[simple
[following
then\
next\
afterwords\
first<>...<>then
]
[simultaneous
just<>then\
at<>the<>same<>time
]
[preceding
before<>that\
hitherto\
previously
]
[conclusive
in<>the<>end\
finally
]
]
[complex
[immediate
at<>once\
thereupon\
straightaway
]
[interrupted
soon\
after<>a<>while
]
[repetitive
next<>time\
on<>another<>occasion
]
[specific
next<>day\
an<>hour<>later\
that<>morning
]
[durative
meanwhile\
all<>that<>time
]
[terminal
until<>then\
up<>to<>that<>point
]
[punctiliar
at<>this<>point
]
]
[simple<>internal
[following
next\
secondly\
my<>next<>pooint<>is\
first<>...<>next
]
[simultaneous
at<>this<>point\
here\
now
]
[preceding
hitherto\
up<>to<>now
]
[conclusive
lastly\
last<>of<>all\
finally
]
]
]
]
]
Category | Functional Grammar |
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Reference | Halliday 2014: 612-614 |
Conjunctive adjuncts [enhancement (2)]
[conjunctive<>adjuncts
[enhancement<>(2)
[manner
[comparison
[positive
likewise\
similarly
]
[negative
in<>a<>different<>way
]
]
[means
thus\
thereby\
by<>such<>means
]
]
[causal\-conditional
[general
so\
then\
therefore\
consequently\
hense\
because<>of<>that\
for
]
[specific
[result
in<>consequence\
as<>a<>result
]
[reason
on<>account<>of<>this\
for<>that<>reason
]
[purpose
for<>that<>purpose\
with<>this<>in<>view
]
[conditional:\
positive
then\
in<>that<>case\
in<>that<>event\
under<>the<>circumstances
]
[conditional:\
negative
otherwise\
if<>not
]
[concessive
yet\
still\
though\
despite<>this\
however\
even<>so\
all<>the<>same\
nevertheless
]
]
]
[matter
[positive
here\
there\
as<>to<>that\
in<>that<>respect
]
[negative
in<>other<>respects\
elsewhere
]
]
]
]
Category | Functional Grammar |
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Reference | Halliday 2014: 612-614 |
Formal Concept Analysis
Animal ontology
[##Human,<>Bonobo,<>Lion,<>Eagle,<>Sparrow,<>Ostrich\
---\
<>
[##Human\
---\
talking,<>ape,<>mammal
[##Bonobo\
---\
ape,<>mammal+-1]
]
[##Lion\
---\
mammal,<>preying+-4+-6
[<>\ <>\ <>
[##<>\
---\
mammal+-1+-2+-4
]
]
]
[##Eagle\
---\
preying,<>flying,<>bird
[##<>\
---\
preying+-5+-6
[<>\ <>\ <>
[##<>\
---\
talking,<>ape,<>mammal,<>preying,<>flying,<>bird+-2+-3+-5
]
]
]
[##Sparrow\
---\
flying,<>bird
[##Ostrich\
---\
bird<>+-3
]
]
]
]
Category | Formal Concept Analysis |
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Formal Semantics
Lambda calculus
[chase(mouse)(cat)
[<>ฮปx.ฮปy.chase(mouse)(y)<>
[<>ฮปxฮปy.chase(x)(y)<>]
[<>mouse<>]
]
[<>cat<>]
]
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Natural Language Processing
Relations between WordNet senses
[##hypernym+-<1
[##meronym+-<2
[meronymy/part\-whole+-2+-3+-<4
[##holonym+-<3]
]
]
[superordinate+-1+-<7
[###word+-4+-<6+-7+-8
[subordinate+-5+-<8
[##hyponym+-<5]
]
]
]
[<>
[##synonym+-<6]
]
]
Category | Natural Language Processing |
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Reference | Jurafsky and Martin 2018 |